Superfuel Thorium: The Green Energy Source for the Future and Why You Should Care

India's government is also developing up to 62, mostly thorium reactors, which it expects to be operational by 2025. India is the "only country in the world with a detailed, funded, government-approved plan" to focus on thorium-based nuclear power. The country currently gets under 2% of its electricity from nuclear power, with the rest coming from coal (60%), hydroelectricity (16%), other renewable sources (12%) and natural gas (9%).[45] It expects to produce around 25% of its electricity from nuclear power.[9] In 2009 the chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission said that India has a "long-term objective goal of becoming energy-independent based on its vast thorium resources to meet India's economic ambitions."[46][47]

P3Tek, an agency of the Indonesia Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource, has reviewed a thorium molten salt reactor by Thorcon called the TMSR-500. The study reported that building a ThorCon TMSR-500 would meet Indonesia's regulations for nuclear energy safety and performance.[60]

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The preceding figures are reserves and as such refer to the amount of thorium in high-concentration deposits inventoried so far and estimated to be extractable at current market prices; millions of times more total exist in Earth's 31019 tonne crust, around 120 trillion tons of thorium, and lesser but vast quantities of thorium exist at intermediate concentrations.[79][80] Proved reserves are a good indicator of the total future supply of a mineral resource.

The band structures of Th, ThO and ThO2 at 20 GPa along Γ-X-L-Γ-W directions are shown in Fig. 3, where the 6d and 5f weighted bands are in green and red colors, respectively. The comparison of the 6d bands within these three substances shows that the oxidation on Th leads to a strong excitation to higher energy scale. If the 5f bands in the three substances are compared, it is clear that the oxidation can compress its band width step by step from Th, ThO and to ThO2. Increase in oxidation prompts us to look in to the crystal field effects associated with the ligands, namely the number of oxygen atoms. In the structure of ThO, each thorium atom is surrounded by six oxygen atoms while for ThO2, each thorium atom has eight coordinated oxygen atoms. Hence, we simply employ the crystal field splitting (CFS) that the d/f bands split by a stronger strength in a higher number of coordination number of ligands. Since the 5f bands are becoming narrower with the increase of oxygen atoms per Th atom, the CFS of 5f orbital is marginal in the contrast to that of 6d orbital. This can be explained by the rather small occupation number of 5f orbital, therefore 6d orbital is the core of the oxidation. In ThO2, we observe one more interesting finding is that the valence band maximum are located at two points along Γ-X and Γ-W direction and the conduction band minimum are located at X-L and Γ-W direction. It will be very interesting to investigate the absorption spectrum of ThO2 to see whether the higher oxidation compound, ThO2 having a large band gap is due to the stronger 6d CFS or not.

Abstract:The ACl-ThCl4 (A = Li, Na, K) systems could be of relevance to the nuclear industry in the near future. A thermodynamic investigation of the three binary systems is presented herein. The excess Gibbs energy of the liquid solutions is described using the quasi-chemical formalism in the quadruplet approximation. The phase diagram optimisations are based on the experimental data available in the literature. The thermodynamic stability of the liquid solutions increases in the order Li

If we are to survive in this world now and into the future, all behaviors which result in anything but a net benefit to the environment and to the health of all living creatures must cease permanently. Thorium nuclear power is far better than the worst form of nuclear power, but as far as having a future in human energy production, thorium as an option has emerged to little to late. 2ff7e9595c